Analog to Digital Converters

	Device bits data1 Vlow2 Vhigh2 SE/DE3 Fsample AD0804 8 parallel 0V 5V SE/DE 10kHz AD7819 8 parallel 0V V2 SE 200kHz AD7875 12 parallel or synch. serial 0V 5V SE 100kHz LTC1290 12 synch. serial 0V or -V1 +V2 SE/DE 50kHz
	Notes
	1. All devices have tristate or open-drain data outputs to enable multiple devices to share a single data bus.
	2. Vlow and high refer to the minimum and maximum input voltages that the A/D converter can accept.  V1 and V2 refer to a variable upper limit that the designer can specify.
	3. SE/DE: single-ended input or differential input refers to whether you are measuring voltage at a point with respect to a shared ground (most common) or you are measuring the difference in voltages between two points?  In the latter case, the voltages still must be referenced in some manner to ground; unlike the single-ended case however, one does not need to be equal to ground.  Differential inputs are used to measure small-signals along high-impedance wires that are susceptible to coupled noise; any noise that gets coupled to a differential signal is added to both lines and does not show as a difference.

Comparators

	Device #1 Input signal Output signal Chip power6     Imax2 Imax3 Vlow4 Vhigh5 Vmin Vmax LM311 1 150nA 50mA 0.75V 50V 5V 36V LM339 4 25nA 16mA 0.25V 36V 2V 36V
	Notes
	1. Number of comparators in one IC.
	2. Maximum input current.  Ideally zero.
	3. Maximum current that the output can sink.  Ideally infinite.  The devices are open-collector or open-drain and therefore cannot source any current.
	4. How close to ground the output voltage can go.  Ideally zero, often one diode drop above.
	5. The maximum output voltage.  Since comparators are open-collector or open-drain, the output is in a high-impedance state when the device is "on", so the output must be pulled up with a resistor.  There is a maximum voltage that the output pin can be pulled up to without damaging the device.
	6. The chip must be powered from supplies between these two extremes.

Digital to Analog Converters

	Device bits data1 Vlow2 Vhigh3 multiplying4 Tconversion AD557 8 parallel 0V 2.56V no 1us DAC03830 8 parallel -10V5 10V5 yes6 1us
	Notes
	1. The data bus may be serial or parallel loading
	2.The lowest possible voltage out, corresponding to an input of 00H.
	3. The highest possible voltage out.
	4. A multiplying D-A converter multiplies the analog output by a provided analog input.  A 4 quadrant multiplier permits either the digital input or the analog multiplicand to be positive or negative.  Usually the multiplier feature can be easily disabled if not desired.
	5. The output may be either configured to be a current or a voltage signal, and may be adjusted to provide minimum and maximum outputs anywhere in the -10V to +10V range.
	6. Four quadrant, -10V to +10V.

Diodes

	Device Imax Vmax1 Comments 1N4001 1A 50V power 1N4004 1A 400V power 1N914 200mA 100V small-signal (fast)
	Notes
	1. The maximum reverse voltage the diode can tolerate before it breaks down, ideally infinite.

Filters - see the software section of this page (below) for filter-design software

	Device SC/A1 Order2 Purpose3 Type4 Vin5 Fmin6 Fmax Comments LMF100 SC 4 all all ±8V 1Hz 100kHz   LT1065 SC 5 LP BL ±8V 0Hz 50kHz   MAX274 A 8 BP, LP BW, BL, C1 ±5V 0Hz 150kHz   MAX291 SC 8 LP BW ±5V 0.1Hz 25kHz   MAX292 SC 8 LP BL ±5V 0.1Hz 50kHz   UAF42 A 6 all BW, BL, C1 ±15V 0Hz 100kHz See notes below7
	Notes
	1. Filters may be either of the switched-capacitor variety (need no supporting capacitors or resistors but do require a clock source and introduce some noise at the switching frequency) or analog variety.
	2. The maximum possible order if all the chip is used to design a single filter.  Many chips permit either a single high order filter or several lower-order filters to be constructed.
	3. Lowpass, Highpass, Bandpass, or Bandstop.
	4. Butterworth (BW), Bessel (BL), Chebyshev I (C1), Chebyshev II (C2), Elliptic (E).
	5. The maximum supply, input, and output voltages.  Usually these can be operated on a single-sided supply (e.g. 0-5V) if the input signal is given a DC offset (e.g. 2.5V).
	6. Some filters have an uncontrolled DC offset.  For these filters, Fmin is above  the ideal 0Hz.
	7. To calculate the external components to build a filter using the UAF42, Burr-Brown provides the excellent software program Filter42 for download and its associated documentation.

Instrumentation Amplifiers

	Device General Vpower Input Output   CMRR1 Gain BW Low High Ib Voff Zin Vswing limit2 Imax AD620 110dB 1 to 1000 120kHz ±2.3V ±18V 0.5nA 75uV 10Gohm Vsupp±1.2V 18mA AD621 110dB 10, 100 800kHz ±2.3V ±18V 0.5nA 75uV 10Gohm Vsupp±1.2V 18mA
	Notes
	1. Common Mode Rejection Ratio specifies the ratio of the output voltage caused by a differential input voltage vs. a common mode input voltage.  Ideally infinite; 100dB = 100,000 the sensitivity to differential noise than common-mode noise.  This is the fundamental reason to use instrumentation amplifiers: to amplify small differential signals that ride upon large and possibly varying common-mode signals, especially when the source impedance of the signal is high encouraging capacitive coupling of 60Hz powerline and radiofrequency noise.
	2. The output voltage swing is usually not rail-to-rail (i.e. cannot go entirely between the low and high chip supply voltages).  Vswing limit refers to how close the output voltages can approach the positive and negative voltage supply rails (e.g. an AD620 powered from 0 and 5V can have an output that varies from 1.2 to 3.8V).

Digital CMOS

	Device # Description 74HC04 6 Inverter 74HC14 6 Schmitt inverter1 74LS47 1 BCD to 7 segment decoder2 74HC74 2 D flip-flop 74HC125 4 Tristate 1-directional buffer 74HC138 1 3 to 8 decoder 74HC151 1 8 to 3 multiplexer 74HC154 1 4 to 16 decoder 74HC161 1 4 bit up counter with asynchronous clear 74HC163 1 4 bit up counter with synchronous clear 74HC164 1 8 bit parallel in, serial out shift register 74HC165 1 8 bit serial in, parallel out shift register 74HC244 8 Tristate 1-directional buffer 74HC245 8 Tristate 2-directional buffer 74HC365 6 Tristate 1-directional buffer 74HC374 8 D flip-flop 25120 1 Write-Only Memory (Very rare!)3 Other devices (external link)
	Notes
	1. Unlike conventional CMOS inputs that are designed to operate with relatively clean digital signals and suffer from output jitter and large current drains when faced with a non-logic input such as 2.5V, Schmitt inputs work well with analog inputs in the range of 0V to 5V, and display hysteresis.
	2. OK, this is a TTL and not a CMOS chip, but since it accepts CMOS inputs and it outputs directly to an LED display it works fine in an otherwise-CMOS circuit.
	3. Write-only memory can be written to, but not read from.  This particular device has an excellent number-of-socket-insertions to number-of-pins-remaining characteristic.

Miscellaneous

	Device Description GS1881 Video synchronization signal separator HAL300 Hall effect magnetic field sensor LM331 Voltage to frequency converter LM34 Temperature to voltage sensor LM3914 10 LED bargraph driver, linear response LM3915 10 LED bargraph driver, logarthmic response LM565 Phase locked loop (w/ frequency to voltage converter) LM567 Tone decoder

Motor Drivers

	Device #1 Input2 Output Comments       Vmax Imax Type3   A3959 1 PWM 50V 3A Direct   HIP4081 1 PWM 80V 2.5A Direct or FET App. notes 1, 2, 3 L293 1 PWM 36V 1A Direct   L293D 1 PWM 36V 600mA Direct Has integral kickback diode LMD18200 2 PWM 55V 3A Direct   LMD18245 2 4bit parallel 55V 3A Direct Motor is current-controlled UCN5804 1 step 35V 1.25A Direct 4 phase unipolar stepper
	Notes
	All motors are brushed DC motors unless stated otherwise
	1. Number of full H bridge drivers per chip.
	2. For the brushed DC motors, the speed input to the chip may be PWM (a PWM modulated signal from 0-5V generated by a microcontroller), or an N-bit parallel binary code (e.g. 0000 to 1111 for stop to full speed).  For stepper motors, a step or half step occurs on each falling edge of the step input signal.  For both motor types, a separate bit specifies direction.
	3. The chip may have it's PWM output signal either directly connected to the motor or else it may drive external FET's that in turn drive the motor.  If they drive external FET's then the maximum current to the motor is a function of the FET used, not the Imax of the chip.

Oscillators

	Device Frequency Vout max Iout comments   min max   sink source   TLC555 0 2MHz 2-15V 100mA 10mA very common -- and free design software available here ICL8038 0 300kHz 2-28V 12mA 12mA sine, triangle, or squarewave outputs CD4060 690kHz 12MHz 5V CMOS digital self-contained, cheap XC300 48kHz 12MHz 5V CMOS digital self-contained, small
	Note
	All devices are squarewave oscillators unless otherwise noted.

OPAMPs

	Device General Vpower Input Output   #1 BW Low High Ib Voff Zin Vswing limit2 Imax LM741 1 1.5MHz ±2.5V ±22V 80nA 1mV 2Mohm V-+2.1 to V+-2.1 25mA LM324 4 1MHz ±1.5V ±16V 45nA 2mV 1Mohm V-+0 to V+-1.5 0.7mA LMC660 4 1.4MHz ±2.5V ±7.5V 2fA 3mV 1Tohm V- to V+ (ie R-R) 18mA LMC6081 1 1.3MHz ±2.25V ±7.5V 10fA 150uV 10Tohm V- to V+ (ie R-R) 30mA LMC6482 2 1MHz ±2.25V ±8V 20fA 110uV 10Tohm V- to V+ (ie R-R) 30mA LMC6484 4 1MHz ±2.25V ±8V 20fA 110uV 10Tohm V- to V+ (ie R-R) 30mA
	Notes
	1. Number of OPAMPs on each chip.
	2. The output voltage swing is usually not rail-to-rail (i.e. cannot go entirely between the low and high chip supply voltages).  Vswing limit refers to how close the output voltages can approach the positive and negative voltage supply rails (e.g. an AD741 powered from -5V and 5V can have an output that varies from -3.9V to 3.9V).  R-R, or Rail to rail, means that the output voltage can swing anywhere between the two power supply rails (i.e. same as specifying a Vswing limit = Vsupply ± 0V).

Optoelectronics

	Output1     Device Purpose Tspeed Isink Isink Vmax #/pkg Comments QSA156 Sensor 6us 50mA 10mA 18V 1 front-looking QSE156 Sensor 6us 50mA 10mA 18V 1 side-looking QSA158 Sensor 6us 50mA OC 18V 1 front-looking QSE158 Sensor 6us 50mA OC 18V 1 side-looking PS2501 Optoisolator 5us 50mA OC 60V 1,2, or 4 5kV isolation PS2502 Optoisolator 100us 60mA OC 80V 1,2, or 4 5kV isolation PS9601 Optoisolator 50ns 50mA 50mA 5V 1 5kV isolation
	Notes
	1. An open collector (OC) output can sink current but cannot source current; it must be used with a pullup resistor.  The amount of current that it can source is approximately Vsource/(Rpullup + Rload) since the voltage drop introduced by the device is only about 200mV if a BJT or adds only about 100ohms of resistance if a FET, when fully turned on.

PICs

	Memory   A/D   PWM   Device bits # pins program RAM EEPROM I/O bits # Comms bits # Timers 16F628 8 18 2k 224 128 15 12 2 USART 10 1 3 16F876 8 28 8k 368 256 22 10 5 USART 10 2 3 16F877 8 40 8k 368 256 38 10 8 USART 10 2 3
	Notes
	1. All devices are FLASH reprogrammable, DC-20MHz clock speed.
	2. The 16F628 has 2 analog comparators, effectively 1 bit A/D converters.

PLDs

	Device pins GAL18V10 20 GAL22V10 28

Transistors

	Device type polarity Vmax1 Imax2 RDS3 2N3904 BJT NPN 40V 200mA - 2N3906 BJT PNP 40V 200mA - 2N7000 FET NMOS 60V 400mA 2 ohm IRF510 FET NMOS 100V 5A 0.5 ohm IRF540 FET NMOS 100V 33A 40 mohm IRF3205 FET NMOS 55V 110A 8 mohm
	Notes
	1. Vmax is the maximum VCE for BJT's or VDS for FET's.
	2. Imax is maximum collector current for BJT's or maximum drain current for FET's.
	3. Rds is for FET's when turned on.  Ideally 0 ohms, this specifies how closely the FET looks like a closed switch.

Voltage Regulators

	Device V Imax Case 7805 +5 100mA TO-92 7805 +5 1A TO-220 7812 +12 100mA TO-92 7812 +12 1A TO-220 7905 -5 100mA TO-92 7905 -5 1A TO-220 7912 -12 100mA TO-92 7912 -12 1A TO-220 LM317 adj 1 1.5A TO-220 TLE2426 Vin/2 2 100mA TO-92
	Notes
	1. The LM317 adjustable voltage regulator can be designed to provide anywhere from 1.2V to 37V of regulated voltage.
	2. The TLE2426 is a ground splitter that given a ground and Vcc provides a low-impedance signal of Vcc/2.  This chip is usually used to create a split supply from a single supply (i.e. The old Vcc becomes the new positive supply, the old ground becomes the new negative supply, and the output of the TLE2426 becomes the new ground).